Savantism, IQ, and the Nature of Intelligence
Published April 15, 2009 @ 10:29AM PT
A new study at Kings College London lead by Patricia Howlin (author of Autism and Asperger Syndrome: Preparing for Adulthood which I thought was pretty good) claims Savant skills may be widespread in people with autism--"widespread" meaning 1 in 3 as opposed to the previous 1 in 10 statistic. The new study was based on parent report, researcher criteria, and peak abilities on standardized IQ tests.
There are pluses to focusing on what autistic people can do instead of what we can't--after all, with people who aren't autistic that is typically what is done to build self esteem, skills, and facilitate learning. And as Happe, a member of the research team, is paraphrased in the New Scientist article,
She says that the study opens a window into the mind of a child with autism and recommends using these isolated, exceptional abilities as a way to motivate people with autism to learn other skills--such as social or communication ones--that might not come as easily.
On the other hand, focusing too much on savant skills or "autistic super powers" can be dangerous or dehumanizing if taken too far. Autistic people shouldn't be valued only if they can perform some freakish mental feat to awed spectators.
The Kings College study is criticized by Darold Treffert who studies savant syndrome and stands by the 1 in 10 number.
He says this is partly because he is mistrustful of parental reports, and partly because he does not think that the peak ability in the intelligence subtests qualifies someone as a savant. "Some autistic savants do well on IQ subtests, but not all autistic persons who do well on IQ subtests are savant."
But he says the study is interesting, because it underscores the failings of IQ tests to measure overall intelligence.
"We are all made up of a series of intelligences, especially the savant, and IQ measures one component," he says. "Savants starkly challenge our definition of 'intelligence' and require us to look for ways to measure other 'intelligences'."
As an autistic person with a peak ability on an intelligence subtest (picture completion if you're curious) but no savant skills, I would agree that caution needs to be taken in placing meaning on IQ scores. Much more broadly, Michelle Dawson's paper The Level and Nature of Autistic Intelligence shows the failings of giving IQ tests which rely on verbal and social abilities to people who do not have typical ability in those areas.
In the New Scientist article, concluding remarks from Treffert,
"We need a more reliable definition of savant syndrome, and a more reliable definition of intelligence," he adds.
There's a saying in the artificial intelligence field: What is intelligence? Whatever it is machines can't do yet.
What is intelligence?
Truthfully, science hasn't answered that question yet.
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Comments (9)
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Good point.
I think intelligence is in the eye of the beholder. It's the recognition of it that makes it so. Just like the ignoring of it will cause it to appear absent.
When society finds out how something can be beneficial, they will find a way to recognise it and give it credit.
I would hope that savant skills like any type of talent or ability will be seen as being worthy of being more than amusing entertainment so the people who have them aren't seen as mere spectacles.
Posted by Ed none on 04/15/2009 @ 11:59AM PT
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People who are praised more than they are criticized do better at all sorts of tests, including external assessments of their likeability, than those who are criticized more than praised.
It's hard to believe that this wouldn't apply to AS folks, as well.
Even with dimmer social perception, it feels good to recognize that people are happy to see you, appreciate your contributions, and think well of you. And it seems like a healthier, more pleasant state for those around AS people. So why not look for what's good and praiseworthy?
Posted by Natasha Chart on 04/15/2009 @ 12:13PM PT
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Agreed. This is why seeing an autistic person as a pathology instead of as a person (the medicalization of disability) is problematic. I have been praised by people who don't know I'm autistic for the same abilities that people who do know I'm autistic, and who have a very medicalized way of thinking, have told me I need to have trained out of me. I'm the same person with the same abilities in both cases, it's just the lens others are using to see those abilities through either praises me or demonizes me (and yes, I am quite sensitive to the difference). What you write here is one of the reasons why how the public views disability really matters.
Posted by Dora Raymaker on 04/15/2009 @ 12:27PM PT
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I think to some extent even the notion (the nouveaux notion that is) of savantry is a social construction, ill defined at it's border, though I always go by the Treffert version because somewhere along the line he agreed with my definition a few years back :) which is as good a reason as for any for going along with it. (he might have forgotten in the meantime what it was being as he is calling for a new definition, but I have not.
Buffoonery done with, I don't even know if I could nowadays reproduce the trick I once performed without the amazing Randi being in the audience, (that always spooks people) that is to say having unconsciously memorised minute flaws in the cutlery I was routinely using at my former college in order to pronounce that I was not going to use "that knife", because I had eaten with it before and did not like it.
I content myself nowadays with more mundane memory feats that can be validated against google.
I like to think my long term memory is more reliable than an NT equivalent, given that NT long term memory is notoriously unreliable according to the research.
I had this inkling that a particular phrase were contained within a comic strip of Mandrake the Magician (qv never mind Derren Brown, Banacek and whatever happened to the amazing Kreskin, sans the fictional Mandrake where would they be?)
Unfortunately google was not my friend on this occasion and the nearest evidence I could find was in French, which was not an exact translation of what I recall
Given that illiterate Yugoslav bards used to be able to (maybe they still can in Macedonia or whatever they call the province in question nowadays) recite epics longer than the oddysey itself preserved by verbal transmission I think if anything these abilities were more common in pre literate societies and there is one hell of a lot of cultural gloss over it all.
Yes there are only a few people who really stand out, like Stephen Wiltshire, remarkable in any age or Kim Peek who has memorised more books than most people have read, though there are some who have read and forgotten more books than he has.
The rest of us are just wannabes in the foothills never mind what Pat Howliin would like to assert, cos if it's one in three well it is a less than even chance I could even figure in her definition, crazy stunts with cutlery notwithstanding cos even my dad could have done that being as his job depended on that degree of visual accuracy.
Posted by Laurentius Rex on 04/15/2009 @ 12:18PM PT
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BTW my avatar for this site does bear a bit of resemblence to the aforementioned Mandrake, there is a story behind that.
Posted by Laurentius Rex on 04/15/2009 @ 12:26PM PT
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My brother sent me an article in the Economist saying much the same kind of a thing [I think it was the Economist?]
I think I agree with just about everything you've written, the need to get the balance right between the two.
Best wishes
Posted by mcewen mcewen on 04/17/2009 @ 08:24PM PT
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Yes, I saw that Economist article too a bit after posting this--riffing off the same Howlin study. The Howlin savant study seems to be the piece from the Autism and Talent special edition that is getting the most press.
Posted by Dora Raymaker on 04/17/2009 @ 11:30PM PT
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AUTISTIC autistic Autistic that one word stops people in there tracks, its like if I dare say I become an instant alien. I have Aspergers and other neurological differences and to me it is not about any label but understanding real self and how we impact on others. To be honest I use to think everyone else was stupid until I was tested and realized it was me who processed and saw things differently, I am fine now I understand, but others continue to question.
I am proud to be an autistic person and share genes with some of the most brilliant minds on this planet, every individual has strengths and weakness on or off the autism spectrum and just like those not on the autism spectrum we are as diverse and different as each other, its about time people started to see the ability not disability, the able in the disabled!
My "definition of intelligence" is the more we learn the more we do not know, just like autism as mysteries as the universe, does there always have to be answers, maybe time to focus on the good, what can be done because while others continue to question us we struggle to be excepted and allowed in society and children continue to have often unnecessary fad treatments forced on them, another label for the unexplained will it change anything! Aspergers Parallel Planet - http://www.asplanet.info
Posted by Alyson Bradley on 04/18/2009 @ 07:59PM PT
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@Alyson. "To be honest I use to think everyone else was stupid until I was tested and realized it was me who processed and saw things differently, I am fine now I understand, but others continue to question."
I think we always question ourselves to make sure we are on the right path. I really liked what you said. I think the others look at the world the way you do. But they don't question themselves. They are ignorant. They go through life noticing that things don't make sense. But they never ask Why. You do. I think that is the difference.
Posted by L I on 04/19/2009 @ 08:14PM PT
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